GTO Poker Strategy Guide

The math behind unexploitable poker — ranges, sizing, and frequencies.

What is GTO?

Game Theory Optimal (GTO) poker is a strategy that cannot be profitably exploited by opponents, regardless of how they play. It works by mixing value bets and bluffs at mathematically precise frequencies — making your opponents indifferent to calling or folding.

GTO isn't always the highest-EV strategy (exploitative play beats bad players harder), but it's the safe baseline. Against unknown opponents, GTO is correct. Against known leaks, deviate.

Position-based opening ranges

PositionRange %Key HandsAction
UTG13-15%AA-99, AKs-ATs, KQs, AKo-AQoRaise or fold. No limping.
MP15-18%+ 88, AJs+, KJs, QJs, JTsWider than UTG, still tight.
CO25-28%+ 77-66, A9s, KTs, QTs, T9sStart opening suited connectors.
BTN40-45%+ 55-22, A2s+, K9s+, any broadwaySteal aggressively. Wide is correct.
SB35-40%Similar to BTN vs BB only3-bet or fold. Limping is -EV.
BBDefend 55%+Defend wide vs BTN/SB stealsPot odds mean you call more.

Bet sizing by board texture

Dry board (K72 rainbow)25-33% pot

No draws, no action — small bets extract value efficiently.

Wet board (JT9 two-tone)50-75% pot

Many draws — deny equity. Charge opponents to chase.

Paired board (AA2)25-40% pot

Range advantage for raiser, small sizes get action.

River polarised range75-125% pot

Maximise with nuts, maximise fold equity with bluffs.

Bluff frequencies by bet size

GTO bluffing isn't random — it's calibrated to your bet size so opponents are mathematically indifferent to calling.

Bet size (% pot)Bluff % of rangeValue % of range
33%25%75%
50%33%67%
75%43%57%
100% (pot)50%50%

Calculate your exact equity at the table

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